When Everyday Tech Fails in Predictable Ways

Original最初的 by Tony, 2026-10-27 00:00, Zhejiang原创 托尼 2026-10-27 00:00 浙江

Rumor has it that the iPhone苹果手机 Duo has already fallen堕落的 below its launch发布，推出 price?据说 iPhone Duo 已经破发了？

Who would have thought that Apple's first foldable可折叠的 phone, the iPhone苹果手机 Duo, would stir up wave after wave of controversy争议 online just days after going on sale...谁能想到，苹果这第一台折叠屏 iPhone Duo，才刚开卖没几天，网上的争议就已经一波接一波了。。。

First, a repair vlogger视频博主 in China peeled撕下 off the nanotexture纳米纹理 film on the inner screen of the iPhone苹果手机 Duo, and the previously先前 subtle细微的 crease折痕 immediately became变得 visible—especially under direct light, it didn't seem to differ much from other Android foldables折叠屏手机.前脚，国内有维修博主把 iPhone Duo 内屏表面的那层纳米纹理膜给撕了，结果原本不怎么显眼的折痕，立马就露了出来，尤其是对着光看，跟其他安卓折叠屏，似乎也没拉开多大差距。

And then things got lively: some think Apple is playing a sleight-of-hand障眼法 trick把戏, while others think that being able to make it invisible看不见的 is itself a skill.这下就热闹了，有人觉得苹果是在玩障眼法，也有人觉得，能让你看不出来，本身就是一种本事。

But Tony would also like to remind everyone: this nanotexture纳米纹理 surface layer层 is not the ordinary phone film we usually apply贴—it also protects the flexible柔性的 polarizer偏光片 and flexible柔性的 glass underneath. Please don't peel撕掉 it off yourself; if you damage the inner screen, the loss will be huge...不过这里托尼也提醒一句，这层纳米纹理表层可不是咱们平时贴的普通手机膜，它还负责保护下面的柔性偏光片以及柔性玻璃，大家千万别自己上手撕，万一把内屏弄坏了，那可就亏大了。。。

Before the film debate争论 was even甚至 over结束, in recent days people online have been posting photos of damaged iPhone苹果手机 Duo inner screens, and judging from the images, the damage is almost always in the same place.结果贴膜的事儿还没吵完，最近这几天网上又陆续有人晒出 iPhone Duo 内屏损坏的照片，而且从网上的图片来看，坏的几乎都是同一个地方。

Cracks裂纹 and leakage漏液 basically all appear in the middle of the inner screen—that is, the folding折叠 area above the hinge铰链; at the same time, one side of the screen is often accompanied伴随 by bright lines亮线, some white白色 and some black.裂纹和漏液基本都出现在内屏中间，也就是铰链上方的折叠区域；同时，屏幕一侧往往伴随亮线，有的是白线，有的是黑线。

Image source: a compilation合集 of iPhone苹果手机 Duo leakage漏液 cases put together by netizens网友图片来源：网友整理的 iPhone Duo 漏液合订本

Although the iPhone苹果手机 Duo in Tony's hands is still holding up well—it's been about half a month since I got it, opening and closing with no issues问题, and the inner screen is fine.虽然托尼手里这台 iPhone Duo 目前还算争气，拿到手用到现在差不多有大半个月了，开合没啥异常，内屏也好好的。

But not running into the problem yourself is one thing; seeing people online get hit中招 one after another is another—especially after scrolling刷 through经过 so many failure photos these past two days, with the damage in such similar相似的 locations位置, it's really hard难以 not to overthink多想 it...不过自己没碰上是一回事，看到网上接二连三有人中招，又是另一回事，尤其是这两天刷到这么多故障照片，连坏的位置都这么相似，实在很难让人不多想。。。

As for Apple, it has not yet issued发布 a unified统一的 official statement声明 regarding关于 this wave of inner screen damage.至于苹果这边，还没有针对这波内屏损坏给出统一的官方说明。

But judging from user feedback, some have already received replacement更换 devices设备 or refunds退款 from Apple, while others were told to send their phones in for inspection first and wait for follow-up后续 handling处理.但从网友反馈来看，有人已经从苹果那边换到了新机或者拿到了退款，但也有人被告知，得先把手机送去检测，再等后续处理。

So until now, everyone still can't be sure所以直到现在，大家依旧没法确定，这事儿到底是个别 iPhone Duo 的品控问题，还是苹果这套折叠结构本身就不太行。

Recently, however, the well-known foreign国外的 teardown拆解 organization iFixit拆解机构 provided提供 some new clues线索.不过最近，国外知名拆解机构 iFixit 提供了一些新线索。

They not only took the iPhone苹果手机 Duo apart from the inside out, but also performed a CT scan扫描 specifically on the hinge铰链, and combined结合 it with patents专利 Apple previously先前 filed to try to reconstruct还原 how this structure works.他们不仅把 iPhone Duo 从里到外拆了一遍，还专门给铰链做了 CT 扫描，结合苹果之前申请的专利，试着还原这套结构的工作方式。

And sure enough, they found a few interesting things.结果，还真发现了几个有意思的地方。

先说铰链。

According根据 to Apple's official description, the hinge铰链 of the iPhone苹果手机 Duo is made up of hundreds of parts, including gears齿轮, springs, and various各种 interlocking互锁的 metal joints and rails, all designed设计用于 to control how the screen bends弯曲 when it opens and closes.按照苹果官方介绍，iPhone Duo 的铰链由上百个零件组成，里面有齿轮、弹簧，还有各种相互配合的金属关节和导轨，目的就是控制屏幕在开合时的弯曲方式。

Like many current当前的 Android foldables折叠屏手机, Apple has also adopted采用 a water-drop水滴 folding折叠 design设计 this time; when the screen is closed, a water-drop-like水滴状 curve forms inside the hinge铰链 to reduce pressure压力 on the screen and improve the crease折痕.跟现在不少安卓折叠屏一样，苹果这次也采用了水滴形的折叠方案，屏幕合起来的时候，铰链内部会形成一个类似水滴的弧度，以此减轻屏幕受到的挤压，同时改善折痕。

But after comparing对比 those online failure photos with a CT model of the hinge铰链, iFixit拆解机构 found one rather suspicious可疑的 spot发现.但 iFixit 把网上那些故障照片，跟铰链的 CT 模型放在一起对比后，发现了一处挺可疑的地方。

The spots位置 where those cracks裂纹 and bright lines亮线 meet happen to be near a structurally complex复杂的 area in the middle of the hinge铰链, and the support支持 method at this location位置 is also somewhat different from the surrounding areas.那些裂纹和亮线交汇的位置，恰好靠近铰链中部一处结构比较复杂的区域，而且这个位置的支撑方式，跟旁边还不太一样。

According根据 to iFixit's simulation模拟, under normal conditions, when the phone is folded折叠的, a support支持 rod in the middle of the hinge铰链 needs to move移动 downward to leave enough bending弯曲 space for the iPhone苹果手机 Duo's inner screen.根据 iFixit 的模拟，正常情况下，手机折起来的时候，铰链中间有一根支撑杆，需要跟着往下移动，给 iPhone Duo 的内屏留出足够的弯曲空间。

But if this support支持 rod fails to retract回缩 fully, the screen that should应该 bend弯曲 naturally may end结束 up pressing按压 directly against it, causing extra额外的 local pressure压力.可万一这根支撑杆没能完全退下去，原本应该自然弯曲的屏幕，就可能直接压在它上面，局部承受额外的压力。

It is not just this support支持 rod; the curved rails on both sides responsible负责 for controlling the joint movement may also jam卡住 during opening and closing, subjecting使承受 the screen to pressure压力 it should应该 not have to bear.不光是这根支撑杆，两边负责控制关节运动的弧形导轨，也可能在开合过程中出现卡滞，让屏幕受到本不该有的挤压。

In this way方式, the tight hinge铰链 and the abnormal异常的 noises heard when unfolding展开 reported报道的 by netizens网友 seem to make sense.这样一来，网友反馈的铰链发紧、展开时听到异响，似乎也就说得通了。

And despite尽管 those bright lines亮线 in the photos, some of which run across almost half the screen, in reality, as long as a small part of the electrical电气的 connections连接 inside the OLED is damaged, it can能够 cause an entire row行 or column列 of pixels像素 to display屏幕 abnormally异常地.而且别看照片上那些亮线，有的几乎贯穿了半块屏幕，实际上 OLED 内部只要有一小部分电连接受损，就可能让整行或者整列像素显示异常。

So the area that is truly problematic有问题的 may be that part in the middle of the hinge铰链; although small, it can能够 have a big impact影响.所以真正出问题的区域，可能就是铰链中间的那块零件，虽然小，但是能造成的影响很大。

Of course, these are still speculations思索, 做投机买卖 made by iFixit拆解机构 based on the internal内部的 structure, and whether the hinge铰链 is actually pressing按压 the screen and damaging it has not yet been conclusively得出结论的 determined决定.当然，这些都还是 iFixit 根据内部结构作出的推测，具体是不是铰链把屏幕给顶坏了，目前还没有定论。

But coincidentally, another YouTube blogger博主, "CuriousHagi," also encountered遇到 this problem while conducting进行，实行 a durability test on the iPhone苹果手机 Duo.但巧的是，另一位 YouTube 博主「CuriousHagi」，在对 iPhone Duo 进行耐久性测试的时候，也碰到了这个问题。

He then simply took the hinge铰链 apart, and sure enough, he extracted取出 a broken hinge铰链 part.随后他索性把铰链给拆了，结果还真被他拆出了一个断掉的铰链零件。

This is a metal link rod located in the middle of the hinge铰链, and its position安放 n. 位置 happens to be close to the suspicious可疑的 area previously先前 identified by iFixit拆解机构 through经过 CT scanning扫描.这是一根位于铰链中部的金属连杆，它所在的位置，恰好就靠近前面 iFixit 通过 CT 扫描发现的那片可疑区域。

Moreover而且， 再者， 此外, this link rod is thinner更薄 than the adjacent毗连的 parts above and below it, and there happens to be a small notch at the break; on the corresponding相应的， 符合的 screen support支持 plate, obvious compression压缩，压紧，浓缩 marks can能够 also be seen, appearing as if parts inside the hinge铰链 made abnormal异常的 contact接触，联系，交往 vt. 与 during movement.而且这根连杆比上下相邻的零件都要薄一些，断裂处又刚好有个小缺口，对应的屏幕支撑板上，还能看到明显的挤压痕迹，看起来像是铰链内部的零件在运动过程中，发生了异常接触。

At the same time, Chinese tech blogger博主 @有没有搞措 also verified已验证 the above claims声称 by disassembling and analyzing the hinge铰链 of the iPhone苹果手机 Duo.与此同时，国内数码博主 @有没有搞措 通过拆解 iPhone Duo 的铰链进行分析，也验证了上面两者的说法。

Good grief悲哀，悲痛，悲伤, now the hinge铰链 is even甚至 more of a suspect怀疑 n. 嫌疑犯...好家伙，这下铰链的嫌疑又大了几分。。。

Besides the structural issues问题 with the hinge铰链, iFixit拆解机构 also took the opportunity to test this phone's dust灰尘 resistance.除了铰链的结构问题，iFixit 还顺手测试了一下这台手机的防尘表现。

They put the iPhone苹果手机 Duo into fluorescent荧光的， 发荧光的 powder, repeatedly opened and closed it, then took it apart to inspect. The result showed that most of the powder was indeed kept outside在…外，向…外 the internal内部的 components组成的， 构成的 n. 组成, but a small amount still got into the moving行动，步骤 area of the hinge铰链, causing the hinge铰链 to make an obvious abnormal异常的 noise when opened and closed.他们把 iPhone Duo 放进荧光粉末里反复开合，再拆开检查，结果发现大部分粉末确实被挡在了机身内部元器件外边，但还是有少量进入了铰链活动区域，让铰链在开合时发出了明显的异响。

Tony also compared比较， 对照 the iPhone苹果手机 Duo in his hand with other Android foldables折叠屏手机 and found that many Android foldables折叠屏手机 now add a semicircular半圆的 baffle挡板 at both ends目标，目的 of the hinge铰链 to cover覆盖 the gap间隙 between之间 the screen and the hinge铰链 as much as possible.托尼也拿手里这台 iPhone Duo 跟其他安卓折叠屏对比了下，发现现在不少安卓折叠屏，都会在转轴两端做一块半圆形的挡板，尽量把屏幕和铰链之间的缝隙遮住。

But Apple may have removed消除，移除 this baffle挡板 entirely to make the iPhone苹果手机 Duo flatter奉承，阿谀，谄媚 when unfolded展开. As a result, when the phone is folded折叠的 halfway, a visible gap间隙 appears between之间 the edge of the screen and the hinge铰链 cover覆盖, and the powder may have entered from there.但苹果可能是为了让 iPhone Duo 展开之后更平整，干脆把这块挡板给取消了，结果手机折到一半的时候，屏幕边缘和铰链盖之间，就会露出一道肉眼可见的缝隙，粉末没准就是从这进去的。

Left: iPhone苹果手机 Duo; Right: Android安卓 foldable可折叠的左：iPhone Duo；右：安卓折叠屏

But interestingly, the amount of powder that got into the iPhone苹果手机 Duo's hinge铰链 this time was actually less than when they tested the Samsung Galaxy星系 Z Fold折叠8 and Google Pixel 11 Pro Fold折叠, showing that Apple's protection setup still has something to it.但有意思的是，这次进到 iPhone Duo 铰链里的粉末，其实比他们测试三星 Galaxy Z Fold8 和谷歌 Pixel 11 Pro Fold 的时候还要少一些，说明苹果这套防护还是有点东西的。

As for whether those inner-screen内屏 failures online are related to dust灰尘, there is still no evidence根据， 证据 yet.至于网上那些内屏故障跟灰尘有没有关系，现在也还没有证据。

In the end结束, whether it is iFixit's analysis分析， 分析报告 or other bloggers博主' teardowns, all of it can能够 only be regarded as clues线索 for now. It cannot不能 be directly concluded结束， 终了 vt. 推断出 that the hinge铰链 is the culprit罪犯 behind this wave of screen failures. As for the specific具体的 cause, we still have to wait for Apple's official confirmation证实，确定.说到底，不管是 iFixit 的分析，还是其他博主的拆机，目前都只能算是一些线索，还不能直接认定铰链就是这波坏屏的元凶，具体是什么原因，还得等苹果官方给出一个准信。

Looking back, when Tony first got the iPhone苹果手机 Duo, he was indeed quite impressed盖印，在…打记号. Whether it was the handling处理 of the crease折痕 or the design设计 of the entire hinge铰链 system, it was clear that Apple put a lot of effort into making its first foldable可折叠的 well.回过头来看，iPhone Duo 这台手机，托尼刚拿到手的时候，确实还是挺惊艳的，无论是折痕的处理，还是整套铰链的设计，都能看出来苹果为了做好第一台折叠屏，没少花心思。

But impressive as it was, the inner-screen内屏 failures that have been reported报道的 online one after another recently have indeed poured a bucket of cold water on many people's enthusiasm热情， 热心， 热忱.可惊艳归惊艳，最近网上接连曝出的内屏故障，也确实给不少人的热情泼了盆冷水。

In the past two days, Tony saw that some friends who had already placed orders were starting开动，着手 to consider returning them and waiting to see, and some even甚至 simply turned to buying the 18 Pro Max. After all, when spending more than ten thousand on a phone, no one wants to have to go to after-sales service just days after getting it...托尼这两天就看到，有些原本已经下单的朋友，都开始考虑退货观望了，甚至有人干脆转头去买 18 Pro Max，毕竟花一万多买台手机，谁也不想刚到手没几天，就得跑去找售后。。。

So Tony thinks that besides figuring数字 out the cause of the failures as soon as possible and giving everyone a clear explanation,所以托尼觉得，苹果除了尽快查清楚故障原因，给大家一个明确的说法。

what所…的 is more important right now is to first take care of the iPhone苹果手机 Duo users who have already encountered遇到 problems: those who need testing should应该 get testing, and those who need replacements更换机 should应该 get replacements更换机. After all, people cannot不能 spend every penny on early（稻麦等的）穗 adoption收养, then have to bear the losses themselves when problems arise出现, and end结束 up feeling摸起来 like suckers...眼下更重要的，是先把已经遇到问题的 iPhone Duo 用户安顿好，该检测的检测，该换新的换新，总不能尝鲜的钱一分没少花，出了问题还得自己承担损失，最后反倒成了冤种。。。

撰文：胖虎

Editors: Mianxian面线 & Miluo & Ergou编辑：面线 & 米罗 & 二狗

美编：素描

图片、资料来源：

小红书

微博 @有没有搞措

https://zh.ifixit拆解机构.com/News/119895/iphone-duo-teardownhttps://zh.ifixit.com/News/119895/iphone-duo-teardown

跳转微信打开

Original原始 by Jiang Jiang 2026-10-27 00:00 Zhejiang原创 江江 2026-10-27 00:00 浙江

大 移 植 时 代

Recently, while scrolling滑动 on his phone, Jiang Jiang discovered many bizarre离奇 posts.最近，江江在耍手机的时候，发现了很多诡异的帖子。

Netizens网友 are frantically疯狂地 stuffing塞入 all kinds of outrageous离谱 things into browsers浏览器.网友们，正在把各种离谱的东西，疯狂往浏览器里塞。

For example, some foreign外国 guy directly ported GTA 5 into a browser浏览器—open the browser浏览器 and you can能 be a five-star五星 model citizen. (Though it was quickly taken down.)比如，有外国老哥直接把 GTA 5 搬进了浏览器，打开浏览器就能当五星好市民。（不过很快就被弄下线了）

There are also netizens网友 who ported the Xbox game Halo to the browser浏览器.还有网友把XBOX上的游戏《光环》，移植到了浏览器上。

Another guy open-sourced开源 his project项目: as long as you have legitimate合法 PS2 disc images of God of War 2 or Gran Turismo 4, you can能 get them running in Chrome within minutes, and it can能 even甚至 use your laptop's integrated集成 graphics图形—Gran Turismo 4 runs steadily稳定地 at twice the PS2's native resolution.还有老哥直接开源了自己的项目，只要你有《战神2》、《GT赛车4》的PS2正版光盘镜像，几分钟就可以给它搬进Chrome里跑起来，甚至能调用笔记本的核显，《GT赛车4》开到 PS2 原生的两倍分辨率照样稳当当。

This got the well-known American gaming outlet媒体 Kotaku to write an article, "We Might Be Doomed完蛋," saying that AI is making game porting easier更容易 and easier更容易, and that game companies' legal法务 departments will probably be working overtime to death..搞得美国知名游戏媒体 Kotaku 写了篇文章，“我们可能完蛋了”，说的是 AI 让游戏移植越来越容易了，估计游戏公司的法务部要加班到死了。。

Beyond除了 these nostalgia-trip怀旧 projects项目, scrolling滑动 further再往前 back you can能 find Windows 98 running smoothly in a webpage网页. Minesweeper扫雷, Paint, 3D Pinball—all there, and you can能 even甚至 fire up a round of Quake 3.除了这些爷青回项目，再往前翻，还能翻到 Windows 98 在网页里流畅运行。扫雷、画图、三维弹球一个不少，甚至还能开一把雷神之锤3。

And it's not just existing games—the browser浏览器 games people build themselves are getting more and more impressive. I'd say the graphics图形 are no different from AAA titles? Back in my day, browser浏览器 games were still Counter-Strike Online and Seer.也不光是现成的游戏，大伙们自己搓的网页游戏，也越来越帅了，我看画质和3A也没区别啊？我那个年代的页游还在《生死狙击》《赛尔号》呢。

I also recall记得 that the PS my buddies朋友 often use is always the web网页 version版本—open the browser浏览器 and you can能 edit编辑 photos, no need to download those multi-gigabyte数GB clients客户端.我又想起来，哥们经常用的 PS ，用的也从来都是网页版，打开浏览器也能修图，不用下载那几个G的客户端。

There's also a project项目 called WebLLM that lets you run local models in the browser浏览器..还有个叫WebLLM的项目，能让你在浏览器里跑本地模型。。

So Jiang Jiang is getting more and more curious—in my impression, the browser浏览器 was still a study tool, so how come now anything and everything can能 be crammed塞进 into it?所以，江江越来越好奇了，浏览器在我的印象里，还属于是学习工具，现在怎么什么东西都能往里搬了？

Don't you know it—I dug deep into it and only then realized how ferociously猛烈地 the browser浏览器 has evolved进化.你别说，我去深扒了一下，才知道浏览器进化的这么狠。

Early早期 browsers浏览器 were indeed pretty useless, because back then webpages网页 were mainly主要 for viewing查看 text and images, and browsers浏览器 simply had no channel to access访问 hardware.早些年的浏览器，确实挺废物的，因为那会儿的网页主要是就用来看图文，浏览器压根没给它调硬件的口子。

If you wanted to play video视频, play mini-games小游戏, or do online banking银行 transfers转账, the browser浏览器 had no permission to access访问 hardware and could only rely依赖 on patches, forcing迫使 users to download and install安装 Flash and various各种 online banking银行 security安全 controls—I'm sure you've all seen these windows.要是你想播视频、玩小游戏、网银转账，浏览器是没权限调硬件的，只能靠打补丁，逼着用户去下载安装 Flash 和各种网银安全控件，想必这些窗口大伙都见过了。

These plugins插件 were programs程序 genuinely真正 installed安装的 on the computer; they could directly bypass绕过 browser浏览器 restrictions and access访问 hardware on behalf of webpages网页.这些插件，是正儿八经安装进电脑里的程序，它们能直接绕过浏览器的限制，替网页去调动硬件。

But the cost of doing this was rather high: although plugins插件 helped webpages网页 obtain获取 hardware permissions, they were tantamount等同于 to punching打穿 a hole in the browser's security安全 wall—hackers黑客 could exploit利用 Flash vulnerabilities漏洞 to directly take over接管 your computer.但这么干的代价有点大了，插件虽然帮网页拿到了硬件权限，但也等于在浏览器的防盗墙上凿了个洞，黑客顺着 Flash 的漏洞就能直接接管你的电脑。

Seeing plugins插件 repeatedly expose使暴露， 揭露 severe严重 vulnerabilities漏洞 every few days, browser浏览器 vendors厂商 could no longer tolerate it. Rather than let third-party第三方 plugins插件 cause trouble out in the wild, they decided to manage hardware permissions themselves and securely allocate分配 them for web网页 pages to use.眼看插件三天两头爆出严重漏洞，浏览器厂商还是忍不了了，与其让第三方插件在外面捅娄子，不如我自己把硬件权限管起来，安全地分给网页用。

So around 2010, the new-generation新一代 web网页 standard HTML5 arrived. Browsers浏览器 stepped迈出 in personally, turning the ability to call on graphics图形 cards, sound cards, memory, and hard硬件 drives into security安全 windows under strict monitoring监控, opened directly to web网页 pages.于是在 2010 年前后，新一代网页标准 HTML5 登场，浏览器亲自下场，把调用显卡、声卡、内存和硬盘的能力，做成了一扇扇受严格监控的安全窗口，直接向网页开放。

For example, if web网页 page code代码 wants memory, the browser浏览器 allocates分配 a block堵住 of space for it; if it wants to play 3D games, it gives it the graphics图形 card to command命令 through通过 a dedicated专用 interface接口 called WebGL (remember this, it'll be on the test later).比如，如果网页代码想要内存，浏览器就划一块空间给它；想玩 3D 游戏呢，就通过专门的接口 WebGL （记住，后面要考）把显卡给它使唤。

This way方式, web网页 pages gained hardware capabilities能力 while being locked firmly under the browser's monitoring监控. They no longer had to beg third-party第三方 plugins插件 for help, and plugins插件 naturally lost their usefulness用处. So Flash was gladly sent off at the end结束 of 2020, and online banking银行 controls and the like gradually exited the stage.这么一来，网页既拿到了硬件能力，又被死锁在浏览器的监控下，再也不用求着第三方插件帮忙了，插件自然没了用武之地，于是Flash 在2020年底被愉悦送走，网银控件什么的也慢慢退出了舞台。

But this alone actually isn't enough to run the things mentioned提到 at the beginning; there's still a second第二 hurdle障碍.但光有这，要运行开头那些东西其实还不够，还得有第二关。

The programming编程 language that comes with web网页 pages is called JavaScript. Its original原始 purpose was to write small web网页 effects like "buttons changing color, pop-up prompts促使." If you relied依赖 on it to bring in AAA titles, it might wear the CPU to death.网页自带的编程语言，叫 JavaScript ，它的本意就是写点“按钮变色、弹窗提示”这种网页小特效，如果靠这个把 3A 大作搬进来，可能会把 CPU 累死。

What所…的 truly filled填满 this gap差距 was another technology: WebAssembly网页汇编, or WASM for short, a code代码 format形式 that browsers浏览器 can能 run directly. The cases mentioned提到 at the beginning basically all run because of it.而真正补上这块短板的，是另一个技术：WebAssembly，简称 WASM，是一种浏览器能直接运行的代码格式。开头咱们提到的那些案例，基本都是靠它才跑得起来的。

Because the large software软件 and AAA games on the market推销 are basically written编写 in languages like C++, which browsers浏览器 can't understand, and forcibly translating them into JavaScript to run is inefficient.因为市面上的大型软件和 3A 游戏，基本是用 C++ 这类语言写的，浏览器看不懂，硬翻译成 JavaScript 来运行，又效率不高。

With WebAssembly, programs程序 written编写 in C++ no longer need to take that detour. They can能 be compiled汇编 directly into WebAssembly files, and after the browser浏览器 receives them, it can能 quickly convert转换，改变 them into instructions the CPU can能 execute将…处死, running at speeds close to native software软件 running on a computer.有了 WebAssembly，C++ 写的程序就不用再绕这个弯，直接给它编译成 WebAssembly 文件，浏览器拿到后，能很快把它转成 CPU 能执行的指令，跑起来接近软件在电脑上原生运行的速度。

Since 2017, major browsers浏览器 have basically built it in.从 2017 年起，各大浏览器就基本把它内置在里面了。

Now everyone knows why Chrome eats memory, right? It has to allocate分配 memory and hardware separately to each web网页 page and manage them all, which is actually equivalent等面（体）积的 to an operating system.现在大伙知道 Chrome 为啥吃内存了吧，人要给每个网页单独分内存、分硬件，还得给它们管理起来，其实相当于一个操作系统了。

But here's the question问题 again: browsers浏览器 have had this capability能力，才能 for years, so why have these hardcore feats only suddenly clustered串，束，簇 together recently?但问题又来了，浏览器这么多年前就已经有这本事了，为什么最近这些狠活才突然扎堆？

Jiangjiang姜姜 thinks two things collided撞击，碰撞.江江觉得，是有两件事撞在了一起。

The first thing is that after more than a decade十年， 十年期, browsers浏览器 finally learned how to properly正常地 command命令 the graphics图形 card.第一件事，是浏览器熬了十几年，终于学会怎么好好使唤显卡了。

The interface接口 browsers浏览器 used over接管 the past decade-plus to command命令 the graphics图形 card is an outdated过时的 one called WebGL (just mentioned提到).浏览器过去十几年用来使唤显卡的接口，是一个老掉牙的接口 WebGL（刚刚讲过）。

This thing was designed设计 based on early早期 mobile手机 phone graphics图形 cards, and by today's standards it's already fallen堕落的 behind. It can能 run old games like Vice恶习 City without any problems, but WebGL simply doesn't support经受，承受 many of the complex由许多部分组成的，复合的 features特征，特色 that modern games rely依赖 on.这玩意是照着早年手机显卡设计的，放到今天已经拉了，跑罪恶都市这种老游戏没问题，但现代游戏依赖的很多复杂功能，WebGL 根本不支持。

So a new interface接口 called WebGPU filled填满 in the last piece of the puzzle迷惑.于是，一个叫 WebGPU 的新接口补上了最后一块拼图。

WebGPU's design设计 is closer更接近 to modern graphics图形 card interfaces分界面, and many operations运算 that were previously先前 difficult难以满足的 to implement工具 v. 贯彻 in web网页 pages now have more suitable methods. Combined结合，联合 with WebAssembly, it's also easier更容易 to bring large games into the browser浏览器.WebGPU 的设计更贴近现代显卡接口，很多过去在网页里不好实现的操作，现在有了更合适的办法。配合 WebAssembly，往浏览器里搬大型游戏，也就更轻松了。

The WebLLM we mentioned提到 at the beginning is also based on WebGPU, which is why it can能 call on the graphics图形 card to run.开头我们提到的WebLLM，也是基于WebGPU，才能调用显卡跑起来的。

The second第二 thing we ran into is that AI has lowered the barrier障碍，阻碍 to making these things by quite a bit.撞上的第二件事，是 AI 把做这些东西的门槛往下拉了一截。

In the past, making a 3D game in a web网页 page required painstakingly艰苦的 studying computer graphics图形. Now you can能 just mention提及 it to AI, and it can能 whip one out for you in no time; and if you have the source code代码, porting an existing game isn't much of a challenge艰巨任务 anymore.以前在网页里做个 3D 游戏，得苦学计算机图形学，现在你跟 AI 提一嘴，它转头就能给你糊一个出来；要是有源代码，想移植一个现成游戏也不算什么难事儿了。

It's foreseeable that more and more things will be able to run in browser浏览器 web网页 pages, and maybe you'll be able to play GTA 6 in your browser浏览器 before the PC version版本 even甚至 comes out...可以预见的是，之后浏览器网页能运行的东西会越来越多，或许GTA 6 PC版还没出你就能在浏览器里玩到了。。。

Then... some people might still have a question问题: if browsers浏览器 are already this powerful, why do we still install安装 so much software软件?那。。可能有些人还有个疑问，浏览器都强成这样了，那我们还装那么多软件干嘛？

First, let's be fair美丽的 to browsers浏览器: they really are powerful, running a game is a breeze, and online documents and web网页 versions解释 of PS go without saying—just click a link and you can能 use them.先说句浏道话，它确实强，运行个游戏轻轻松松，什么在线文档、网页版 PS 更不用说，点开链接就能玩。

But as for replacing把...放回原处 software软件, Jiang Jiang thinks they're still far from it.但要说取代软件，江江觉得，还差得远。

First of all, just because something running in a browser浏览器 can能 run doesn't mean it can能 fully utilize利用 hardware performance性能.首先，浏览器里运行的东西，能跑起来，不代表能把硬件性能吃满。

Programs程序 in browsers浏览器 have to deal买卖毒品 with interface接口 limitations限制， 限度, resource management管理, and compatibility issues发行—it's like how no matter重要 how much you play a web网页 game, it's not as satisfying as downloading it and playing.浏览器里的程序必须面对接口限制、资源管理和兼容性问题，就好比你网页游戏再怎么玩，也不如下下来玩着爽。

For things like AAA games, video视频 editing编校, and modeling that already push hardware to its limits, if performance性能 gets compromised妥协 in the browser浏览器, wouldn't that mean my graphics图形 card was bought for nothing?像3A游戏、剪辑、建模这些本来就在榨干硬件的东西，在浏览器里性能折，我显卡不白买了吗？

其次，体积也塞不下。

Actually, the reason原因 the web网页 version版本 of GTA5 can能 run is that it only downloads about 700 MB at first and downloads the rest while you play. During gameplay you might encounter遭遇 reduced graphics图形 quality, distorted歪曲 controls, and possible bugs虫子.其实 GTA5 网页版能跑起来，是因为首次只会下载七百来兆，剩下的边玩边下，游玩中可能遇到画质缩水，操作变形，还可能卡Bug。

Furthermore而且， 此外, a browser浏览器 is essentially必须的 a sandbox沙箱.再者，浏览器本质就是个沙盒。

The reason原因 it dares勇敢，敢于做 to let you casually随意地 open unfamiliar web网页 pages is that it confines限制 web网页 pages inside a sandbox沙箱, which also means that software软件 like antivirus and drivers that need deep system access访问 definitely一定地， 明确地 can't run smoothly in it.它之所以敢让你随便点开陌生网页，就是因为把网页关在了沙盒里，这也导致杀毒、驱动这些要深入系统的软件，它肯定搞不通畅。

So Jiang Jiang's judgment判断 is that browsers浏览器 may become an increasingly easy-to-use易用 carrier, and some software软件 for casual休闲 use really won't need to be downloaded anymore.所以江江的判断是，浏览器可能会变成一个越来越好用的载体，一些随手用用的软件，确实就不用下载了。

But the more professional专业 something is and the more it emphasizes强调 experience, the more inseparable密不可分 it is from locally installed安装的 software软件. To put it plainly简直, you can能 play GTA5 in a browser浏览器, but if you want to properly正常地 enjoy GTA5, you'll still go and install安装 it.但越专业、越讲究体验的东西，越离不开本地安装的软件。说白了，浏览器能玩 GTA5，但你想好好玩 GTA5，还是会去装一个。

But then again, although browsers浏览器 can't replace把...放回原处 client顾客 software软件, we can能 still see a bigger更大 change:不过话又说回来，虽然浏览器取代不了客户端，但咱也能看见一个更大的变化：

Porting software软件 from one platform平台 to another is becoming easier更容易 and easier更容易.把软件从一个平台移植到另一个平台，越来越容易了。

Projects项目 that individual特殊的 developers开发者 previously先前 wouldn't dare勇敢，敢于做 take on now have ready-made tools, plus AI assistance协助， 援助, giving them at least a chance to try their hand.以前一些个人开发者根本不敢接的工程，现在有了现成工具，再加上 AI 帮忙，至少有机会动手试试了。

PC gamers玩家 used to mock嘲弄，挖苦 mobile手机 gamers玩家, saying "this game will never be playable on a phone" — now you really can't say that casually随意地 anymore..以前PC玩家老嘲笑手游玩家，说“这游戏手机永远玩不了”，现在真不能随便说这话了。。

A few days ago we just wrote an article saying that we're now in the era of large-scale大规模 reverse逆向 engineering.前几天我们刚写了一篇文章，说现在是大逆向时代。

Jiangjiang姜姜 boldly ventures冒险 a guess: after the era of large-scale大规模 reverse逆向 engineering, perhaps comes the era of large-scale大规模 porting. Software软件 will increasingly be hard硬件 to lock down to a single platform平台, and the browser浏览器 is just one of the places it can能 be moved行动，步骤 to.江江大胆猜一手，大逆向时代之后，也许就是大移植时代。软件会越来越难被锁死在某一个平台上，浏览器只是它能被搬去的地方之一。

It's just tough困难的，粗暴的 on game companies' legal法务 teams协作，合作 — before, they only had to keep an eye on a few piracy海盗行为 sites; now they have to watch browsers浏览器 all over接管 the world.就是苦了游戏公司的法务，以前盯着几个盗版网站就够了，现在得盯着全世界的浏览器了。

撰文：不咕

编辑：江江&面线

美编：素描

图片、资料来源：

X, Chrome, some images from the internetX，Chrome，部分图源网络

跳转微信打开